# Rabin-Karp Algorithm for string matching in O(|S| + |T|)

This algorithm is based on the concept of hashing, so if you are not familiar with string hashing, refer to the string hashing article.

This algorithm was authored by Rabin and Karp in 1987.

Problem: Given two strings - a pattern $S$ and a text $T$, determine if the pattern appears in the text and if it does, enumerate all its occurrences in $O(|S| + |T|)$ time.

Algorithm: Calculate the hash for the pattern $S$. Calculate hash values for all the prefixes of the text $T$. Now, we can compare a substring of length $|S|$ with $S$ in constant time using the calculated hashes. So, compare each substring of length $|S|$ with the pattern. This will take a total of $O(|T|)$ time. Hence the final complexity of the algorithm is $O(|T| + |S|)$: $O(|S|)$ is required for calculating the hash of the pattern and $O(|T|)$ for comparing each substring of length $|S|$ with the pattern.

## Implementation

string s, t; // input

// calculate all powers of p
const int p = 31;
vector<unsigned long long> p_pow(max(s.length(), t.length()));
p_pow[0] = 1;
for (size_t i = 1; i < p_pow.size(); ++i)
p_pow[i] = p_pow[i-1] * p;

// calculate hashes of all prefixes of text T
vector<unsigned long long> h(t.length());
for (size_t i = 0; i < t.length(); i++)
{
h[i] = (t[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow[i];
if (i) h[i] + = h[i - 1];
}

// calculate the hash of the pattern S
unsigned long long h_s = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
h_s += (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow[i];

// iterate over all substrings of T having length |S| and compare them
// with S
for (size_t i = 0; i + s.length() - 1 < t.length(); i++)
{
unsigned long long cur_h = h[i + s.length () - 1];
if (i) cur_h -= h [i - 1];

// get the hashes multiplied to the same degree of p and compare them
if (cur_h == H_s * p_pow[i])
cout << i << '';
}